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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

-— ^ VV Sfel 5 

Chap,.Copyright No._ 


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 


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1 


























* 























Handrailing Simplified 


SECTORIAN SYSTEM. 


Being a novel method of finding the curves, twists, 
wreaths, ramps and cuts for handrailing 
over circular and elliptical stairs. 


This method of finding the lines and angles for stair-railing does away 
to a great extent with the mystifying lines and references 
so necessary to build a handrail by any of the 
old systems. 


By AN EXPERIENCED ARCHITECT. 


Edited and Revised by 

FRED, T. HODGSON. 


NEW YORK : 

WILLIAM T. COMSTOCK, 
23 Warren Street, 

1900. 









TWO COPIES RECEIVED* 


Library of CeisgrotS 
Office of the 

MAR 2 8 1900 

Keglster of Copyrights 



\ 


60037 

Copyright, 

WM. T. COMSTOCK, 
New York, 1900. 


6£CQND GQPY f 

Sb v 

l? O , 



PREFACE. 


Among: the systems of hand-railing that have been introduced 
during the past sixty years in this country and abroad, not one of 
them is better adapted to the capacity of the average workman 
than the one presented in this volume. The system was first in¬ 
vented by Mr. Wm. Forbes, a well-known architect of Richmond, 
Ya., many years ago, and was practised by him and others for a 
number of years, but did not make much headway, because of its 
lack of publicity. About 1874 Mr. Forbes made an effort to let the 
world know his system, and had a pamphlet published, in which 
the outlines of the system were fully explained, but, for lack of 
means and a knowledge of the methods of pushing such a book on 
the market, the venture was a failure, and very few of the books 
w r ere sold. Shortly after Mr. Forbes died, but not before he had 
made several additions and improvements, which are embodied in 
the present work, along with other improvements, additions and 
corrections, that time and practise have suggested. 

it is not claimed in this work that by this system a better rail 
can be produced than by other working systems, but it is claimed 
that by this system handrails of any size or shape can be produced 
in less time and wdth as little material as by any other method, 
and that a fair knowledge of handrail-making can be obtained by 
this system with less labor than by any other system known. 

The SECTORIAN SYSTEM, as this system was first called, re¬ 
quires neither gauge or elliptic curves, no piece of stuff wider in 
one part than another, and no piece thicker than the width of the 
rail; these are qualities possessing a commercial value in these 
days of costly materials and expensive skilled labor. 

This system, while not perhaps as scientific as some, is not 
long'-winded; it is a simple short cut to satisfactory results, which 
are accomplished without wading through the toilsome abstruse 
system of Riddell, Nicholson, De Graff and others. 

A brief study and very little practise will enable the workman 
to understand the whole system. THE EDITOR. 

New York, January, 1900. 





CONTENTS. 


Plan of Sector. 

The System. 

Various Plans. 

Semi-Circular Stairs. 

Circular Platform Stairs. 

Quarter-Space Stairs. 

Double Platform Stairs. . 

Stair Carriage. 

Horsing Strings. 

Winding Stair. 

Newel Ramp. 

Spiral Stair. 

Elliptical Stair. 

Appendix . 

General Remarks. 

Proportioning Treads. 

Section and Plans of Stairs 
Square Platform Stair.... 

Mitred Strings. 

Stair Brackets. 

Newel Attachment. 

Fastening Cylinder. . 


Page. 

. . 7 

• • 9 
. . 14 
. . 16 
. . 22 
.. 24 
. . 26 

• 27 
. 29 

.. 30 
•• 33 
•• 35 

• • 36 

• • 39 
.. 40 

• • 4i 

• • 43 
•• 45 
.. 47 
.. 48 

• • 49 
.. 50 




























I 


HANDRAILING SIMPLIFIED. 


-:o:- 

SIMPLE, EASILY UNDERSTOOD AND EFFECTIVE— 
BY AN EXPERIENCED ARCHITECT. 


The first things to be considered in a study of this sys¬ 
tem, are the tools or instruments required to accomplish 
the results desired. 

The following description and diagrams will initiate the 
reader. Follow each line and instruction clearly, or, better 
still, make drawings same as shown, only on a larger scale, 
and you will get an insight into the system that you could 
not acquire otherwise. 

Fig. i is the sector, on which the system is founded; 
it is made of two boards joined together with hinges, so 
that the joint on the face will be close in any position; the 
edges beveled so as to allow it to fold back to an angle of 


|o o| 

3 


Sector 

E 

I 

Fig 

. 1 


ninety degrees. Each leaf may be two feet long by one 
foot wide, with the ends clamped to prevent warping. 

Fig. 2 is a section of Fig. i, showing a brace of wire 
to keep it in position to any angle. 








8 


sectorian system 


Fig. 3 is the tangent bevel, used on the face of the sector 
to obtain tangents. 

Fig. 4 is the bevel used on the sector and tangent bevel, 
and produces the spring and plumb bevels on wreath 
pieces of rail. 



Fig. 5 is the plan of a semicircular piece of wreath. The 
horizontal lines of the triangles show the stretch-out of 
the convex and concave edges of the wreath, which is ob¬ 
tained by dividing the radius of the circle into four parts, 
taking three of them in the dividers and extending to five 
as shown; then draw lines, cutting chord as shown. The 
lines of the two triangles are parallel to each other. 




4 - 


joints of wreaths after the tangents are drawn from the 
sector. 

By close inspection it will be seen that two lengths are 
shown—the dots showing the centre line of the curve to 
each piece. This will be shown to better advantage In 
succeeding drawings. 



OF HANDRAILING. $ 

Fig. 7 shows the scale of the diagrams and is intended 
for all the illustrations that follow. 

Having a thorough knowledge now of the tools or 
instruments to be used, we will proceed to put this knowl¬ 
edge to use by laying out a rail for a platform stairs on a 
level landing having a six-inch cylinder or well-hole and 
a three and a half-inch rail. Before proceeding further, 


Stretch-out of Circumference 



however, it will be just as well to explain that this book 
and all that is shown therein has nothing to do with build¬ 
ing the body or carriage of the stairs; it simply refers to 
building the rail only, with the understanding, of course, 
that the stairs are built in accordance with some recog¬ 
nized system; for be it known, that a circular, or dog¬ 
legged stairs, built and finished by an inexperienced hand, 
can never be surmounted by a rail that will have a grace¬ 
ful appearance and properly elevated, unless some recog¬ 
nized principles are adhered to. 

For simple and easy methods of constructing stairs in 










10 


SECTORIAN SYSTEM 


a proper manner, the reader is referred to “Stairbuild¬ 
ing Made Easy/' which contains pretty nearly all the in¬ 
formation concerning the erection of the bodies and car¬ 
riages of stairs the students will ever be called upon to 
exercise. But, to our subject: 



Let Fig. 8 show the stretch-out of rail as at a inside 
and out. Through the centre of the rail, at the top and 
sides, are tangents which intersect, and which are of the 
first importance in the development of this work, as all 
rails are worked from centres. 

Scale {* ‘j '| { f ^ p i _|_|_|_ t | _ i ■ i _ { 

Fig. 9 is the tangent bevel, so called, as the instrument 
used for obtaining the oblique bevel across the face of the 
sector, Fig. ii, when closed to a light angle or any other 
angle required. 

Fig. 12 is the lower part of wreath; the form of which 
is obtained by first spreading the sector and getting the 











OF HANDRAILING. 


11 

distance from b to c, Fig. to, and applying it to the 
sector each way as shown; then raise perpendiculars from 
these points and draw a base line, starting at b across 
to the left, and set up half raiser at a; then from b 



show the rake of the flyers. Now, having obtained this 
line, close the sector to a right angle, place 
pins on the line, and place the tangent bevel 
astride the hinge joint, with the inner edge of 
each blade thinned so as to lie close to the pins, and see 



racv at this point. Having obtained the bevel, and while 
in position on the sector, take the spring or small bevel 
and applv one blade to the face of the sector and the other 










































12 


SECTORIAN SYSTEM 


to the tangent bevel at a right angle with the blade; 
this gives the spring and plumb lines for the concave and 
convex edges of the rail, and by removing the slabs as 
marked, the inner and outer twists are obtained for the 
application of the falling moulds, which gives the twist of 
the top and bottom faces, and also the thickness of the 



Now remove the tangent bevel from the sector, and lay 
it flat on the board of which the mould is to be made, and 
mark from the inner edge of it each way to the chord 
line on one side and to the centre joint on the other. The 



distance is obtained by measuring on the raking line of 
sector from a and b to the centre. Then, from these 
points, on Fig. io, draw at right angle with the tangents 
the chord line and centre joint until they intersect at a, 
which makes the point to describe the circle for the 
wreaths both concave and convex. The sections at the 
end of the wreath are so well defined, as also' the appli- 



















OF HANDRAILING. 13 

cation of the bevel, that further explanation is deemed 
unnecessary. 

Figs. 12 and 13 are the moulds for the concave and 
convex surfaces of wreaths, and must be the width of the 
thickness of the same, and obtained as shown on the sec¬ 
tor. Draw a line parallel with rake of wreath; then set 
off the thickness, and extend the line to the perpendicular 
on the right; then draw rake of flyers extended to d ; 
then take the distance of the stretch-out at Fig. 8 and 
extend across the sector at a right angle, and from the 
perpendicular line on the right to point n on the left; the 
curves between the rake of wreath flyers give the ramp 
of rail which completes it. 

It is best to make the falling moulds of tin, and bend 
them to the twist as evenly as possible, and secure the 
ends. See that the concave mould is pressed firmly in its 
place, and well secured to the wreath. The centre per¬ 
pendicular line should be drawn on the face of both 
moulds, giving the rake of the plank from the face. In 
applying the moulds see that the centre line corresponds 
with the centre of rail, and if the moulds are required to 
be raised or lowered, do not raise one end more than the 
other. When all is made secure, take a good hand or 
panel saw and kerf in top and bottom till the saw touches 
the edge of the mould; then work off to the bottom of 
kerf, and the thickness and twist of wreath are obtained. 
All joints are made by squaring from tangents and from 
the face of the plank, which should be out of wind or twist 
when the mould is taken. It is seen why I advise tin for 
the falling moulds—good stiff pasteboard would answer 
with a very careful person. The tin could not injure the 
saw much, but the saw might injure the rail by disre¬ 
garding the pasteboard edge. 

If this explanation is not sufficiently explicit, what is 
lacking must be gathered from other portions of the work. 

The application of the face-mould on the wreath-piece, 
as indicated by lines and letters a, a, b, b, c, c and d, d, 
will show the slabs to be t^ken off. By reversing the face- 
mould it will answer for both pieces of wreath. 


14 


SECTORIAN SYSTEM 


To those who have no acquaintance with the art of 
handrailing, some portions of the foregoing may seem 
rather misty, and to these, if they desire to study this 
interesting art, I would advise to obtain a copy of “ Monc¬ 
ton’s Geometry,” where they will find some explanations 
of geometrical terms that will materially aid them in un¬ 
derstanding this system of handrailing. In an experience 
of many years, I find it the most difficult to get the young 
student to understand the working of the sector, if he 
has to learn it from a book only. Thirty minutes’ study 
over the board itself would give so clear an insight in the 
system that scarcely any further instructions would be 
necessary. 



If the student will experiment a little with the sector, 
laying out the pitch of the stairs on one wing below the 
platform, and the pitch above the platform on the other, 
connecting the lines at the hinge joint, the principle in¬ 
volved in this method will appear to him at once, and all 
the rest will be comparatively easy. Try this; it will 
well repay you. 

In order to simplify matters, I herewith present four 
examples of plans, varying in size from six to twelve- 
inch cylinders, or the same from centre to centre of rail 
on each side of cylinder with their wreaths, drawn from 
















OF HANDRAILING. 


15 


tangents taken from the sector, with spring and plumb 
bevels to each. 

In every case these bevels are the same, when the pitch- 
board is the same for different flights. Fig. 18 is a plan 
of a winding stairs, with cylinder twenty-four inches. 



This plan is in very common use, hence the need of giving 
an example on this system, showing the simplicity to 
which the whole subject is brought. For instance, re¬ 
quired : the wreath for a circular stairs, the cylinder being 



the space to be eight feet wide, having three feet length 
of tread on each side of cylinder. First, draw the chord 















i6 


SEMI-CIRCULAR 



h 















HANDRAIL. 


1 7 


line and get the centres; draw the semicircle of rail, which 
will be 24! inches to centres; next draw tangents, as in 
Fig. 18, cutting centre of rail at right angles on each side; 
then, from the centre of chord line a, draw lines cutting 
through angle of tangents e and c ; again draw through 
back of cylinder at a right angle with chord line. These 
lines give the face of the risers of four winders in the 
cylinder. Now divide the spaces, and draw as before, and 
you have all the winders. Now unfold the sector to a 
level plane, or, in other words, lay it flat on your bench 
or on the floor, cover the face with white paper pinned on 
at the four corners; draw a base line across the face; 
then on this line set off from the joint, each way, the dis¬ 
tance from d to e (Fig. 18), and from e to f — e being 
the joint, the sector forming the right angle d, e, f; raise 
lines from those points, d and f. Now get the height of 
four raisers, which in this case is twenty-eight inches, and 
is also half of the wreath; now draw the angle across the 
face of the sector from d to e, Fig. 18. Now fold the 
sector to a right angle, and secure it in that position by 
the wire brace across the top end; now turn the sector 
and let it rest on its two edges, with the angle upwards; 
now apply the tangent bevel across the angle, with each 
blade ranging with the angle line of the rake of winders, 
which give the tangent as at a, b, c, Fig. 19. 

The length from a to b, Fig. 19, is the height from 
d to e, Fig 18, on the rake line. While the tangent bevel 
is in position across the sector, take the spring and plumb 
bevel and apply one blade on the face of the sector, and 
the other against and at right angles with the tangent 
bevel; this gives the spring and plumb bevel, which in this 
case is the same, and gives the twist of the wreath from 
a to c, Fig. 19. 

After the length of the tangents, a, b, c, are procured, 
as shown by dotted lines, draw down at right angles with 
tangent lines on each side, also plumb lines from b to d . 
intersecting at d, from which point describe the wreath 
from a to c. If the piece is too long for the dividers, 
stick a pin at a and c ; then take a bevel with each leg 


i8 


SEMI-CIRCULAR 


as long- as wreath piece, with inner edges straight; then 
from the chord line, a, c, at the centre, set up the dis¬ 
tance from h to i, Fig. 18. At this point place the angle 
of the bevel, each leg touching the pins inside and with 
pencil in the angle, and, pressing the legs against the pins, 
describe the piece from a to c. 

The spring and plumb bevels give the convex and con¬ 
cave twist, to which apply the falling moulds on both 
sides, which in this case is the width of the thickness of 
the rail, and perfectly straight. The spring and plumb 
bevel having given the horizontal line on each section of 
the wreath, the centre of the moulds must be placed at 
these centres and drawn close to the surface and pinned. 
Tin is the best for these moulds, as the best preventive 
from kerfing too deep, as might be the case if pasteboard 
be used. After kerfing, remove moulds, and work off to 
lines, and you have top and bottom face of rail. The same 
face and falling mould will answer for both pieces of 
wreath, as they are both the same shape. 

All of the plans shown in these four examples may be 
treated alike, and on the same lines as the example 
wrought out. 

The term “kerfing,” as applied here, simply means run¬ 
ning a saw in the wood to be used for rail until it strikes 
the lines of the falling moulds, and is intended to lessen 
the labor of removing the slabs from the wreath. 

In each case it will be seen that the sector is used only 
on one-quarter of the circle, which turns the rail in a line 
at right angles with the straight part of it, or square with 
it. The other half of the semicircle is formed exactly as 
the first half, with the exception, of course, that the 
straight part of the rail is attached to the upper part of 
the wreath instead of the lower. Half of a wreath, with 
sections of rail, is shown at Fig. 19. These sections show 
the positions of rail at each end of stuff. Mark shape of 
rail as shown, then the matter of working down is not a 
difficult one. The plumb and spring bevel are shown on 
centre line. The pitch-board is also shown at Fig. 19; 
the tread is marked ten inches and the rise seven inches. 


HANDRAIL. 


19 


At Fig. 14 the plan is for a six-inch cylinder, or twelve 
inches across the circle. The second cut, No. 1, in Fig. 
14, shows the cylinder six inches, which is half of the 
wreath required for the completion of the stairs having 
a cylinder stretch with a six-inch radius. 

Fig. 15 shows a plan stretch with an eight-inch radius. 
The lower figure, No. 2, shows the half of this plan with 
base line and curve. 

big. 16 shows a plan described, with a radius of ten 
inches. No. 3 shows the half of the plan, with centre 
line of wreath. Fig. 17 is similar to the other examples, 
only that it is described with a radius of twelve inches, 
thus making a distance of two feet on the base line be¬ 
tween centres of rail. Fig. 4 shows one-half of the plan 
with centre line of wreath. 

It will be noticed that in this description every part of 
the circular opening around which the rail and steps re¬ 
volve is called a cylinder. This is not exactly correct, but 
as the term is one in use among stairbuilders, I make use 
of it to convey the ideas I wish to formulate. At the end 
of this work I will endeavor to explain, as well as I can, 
everything I may think necessary to give the student a 
thorough knowledge of this system of handrailing. I 
have tried to be as plain in my language as possible, and 
to strip the matter of every form of pedantry and techni¬ 
cality, and will continue in this line to the end. 

Figs. 20 and 21 show two views of a platform stairs, 
Fig. 20 a plan and Fig. 21 a sectional elevation. 

The plan shows the landing and starting riser on the 
line with the chord of the cylinder, placing the whole of 
the cylinder in the platform, thus avoiding the additional 
labor of curving the nosings, as would be the case if the 
treads were made winders and occupied a part of the space 
now taken up bv the semicircular platform. By this 
method a handsome and tasteful arrangement of balusters 
and wreath is effected, and the cylinder is encircled grace¬ 
fully by the rail and turned work, and the landing is 
spacious and easily executed. 

It will be seen that these figures show a cylinder two 


20 


SEMI-CIRCULAR 


feet in diameter, and the objection often urged by stair- 
builders is that the wreath rises too high for the half riser 
at the centre of the cylinder, and therefore the steps in the 
platform cannot be avoided. I claim that, according to 
the Sectorian System, the difficulty is entirely removed, 
and the wreath-pieces as easily worked out as any other 
part of the rail, when properly understood. The wreath- 



pieces are not required to be any wider in one part than 
another, and no thicker than the width of the rail in any 
part. The falling moulds for wreaths in late years have 
fallen into disuse and are eschewed by most authors on the 
subject of handrailing, and I have been uncharitable 
enough to think it a want of knowledge as to the right 









































































































































PLATFORM STAIRS. 


21 


use of those moulds, which to this system are indispens¬ 
able. The wall-string shows my method of bending and 
keying the same. On other pages it is shown how this 
wreath is worked. These drawings are about a quarter of 
an inch to the foot; having been reduced somewhat from 
the original drawings; this, however, is immaterial, as 
each flight of stairs will require to have drawings pre¬ 
pared especially. Such drawings when made for actual 
service should be made full size on a floor or on a drawing 
board, as working from full-size drawings is very much 
easier than when the drawings are made on a smaller 
scale; besides the student will be more likely to discover 
omissions in the drawings, and he will get a better grasp 
of the work in hand by employing the larger scale for his 
drawing. 

On Fig. 20 it will be noticed that a plan of the stretch¬ 
out of the wall-string is shown, notched and ready to be 
bent and wedged to shape. These strings are always bet¬ 
ter when bent and wedged over a rough made cylinder; 
but I will talk these things over at the end of the book, as 
I purpose continuing the subject of handrailing and stair¬ 
building to a considerable extent. 

We now come to another form of stair, Fig. i, which is 
exhibited in Section First. This example shows the 
ground plan of a platform stairs, with one-half the land¬ 
ing and ascending treads placed in the platform. The cyl¬ 
inder is of larger size than is generally used for this kind 
of stairs, and I give this example to show that as easy and 
as graceful a wreath can be thrown around this as any 
of a smaller size. 

Fig. 2, in this Section, shows the lower piece of wreath 
with a part of straight rail attached. The sections of rail 
at each end show the direction given by the spring and 
plumb bevels, which are the same. The bevel, Fig. 6, 
astride the tangents of this figure, shows the angle as ob¬ 
tained by the sector, Fig. 3, which, when folded to an an¬ 
gle of ninety degrees and each blade placed on the line, 
shows the pitch of half a riser from, the chord line to the 
centre of the cylinder. The angle is obtained, as shown, 


22 


PLATFORM STAIRS. 


for getting the tangents of one-half the wreath, one mould 
answering for both pieces by reversing the end. The 
shank may extend as far as the thickness of the stuff will 
allow. 



Fig. 3 shows the sector with the line showing the rise 
and the horizontal lines, giving the height of half a riser. 

Fig 4 shows the shape of the outside falling mould, and 
is obtained by getting the stretch-out of convex sill of 
wreath from face of the two platform risers around that 
































































PLATFORM STAIRS. 


23 


portion of circle on the platform; draw a line the length 
of stretch-out, which in this example is two and a half 
feet; at the ends of this line set up and down a half riser, 
and draw a chord, cutting right line in the centre; then 
set up and down a flyer, and connect at a and b ; extend 
the rake of the flyers and connect at c, d, on the right 
line—this gives angles for making easements by intersect¬ 
ing lines; after which set off for top and bottom lines the 
thickness of rail. The inside falling mould is obtained in 
the same manner. When the slabs are taken from the con¬ 
vex and concave sides of the wreath which gives the 
twist, then apply these moulds, centre to centre with 
wreath. If the stuff is scant, they may be raised or low¬ 
ered parallel with centres; and when made secure, kerf in 
with a hand saw to the edges of the moulds and remove 
the surplus wood, and you have the top and bottom twist 
without the use of gauges or guesswork, and as the plate 
shows, without the piece being wider in one place than an¬ 
other and no thicker than the width of the rail, and always 
sawed square from the face of the plank. 

On Section Second is shown a stairs with winders, 
starting below the chord line and landing at the quarter 
circle. In some situations the space may not be of suffi¬ 
cient width to allow a large cylinder in the turning, and 
contraction has to take place somewhere. The steps are 
as narrow as convenience will allow, and the landing 
above, the same. The winders must have sufficient width 
to> receive, without crowding the balusters; hence the 
necessity of making one part of the cylinder larger than 
the other, and the upper landing as laid down on this 
figure. 

As before stated, all the lines are the centres, and as 
Fig. 1 has only one line, and a part of the elevation Fig. 
2 the same, of course the width and thickness must be set 
off each way from this line. The steps are shown half 
their length, and the tread ten inches wide. 

The plan is so plain that a further description is deemed 
unnecessary. The newel at No. 2 shows the height from 


24 QUARTER-SPACE STAIRS. 

the floor by adding the length of a short baluster to the 
shaft. 



the wreath, the ramp at the newel, and also* at the begin¬ 
ning of the winders. 
































QUARTER-SPACE STAIRS. 


25 


Fig. 3 is the lower wreath piece, with bevels and twist 
marked, and needs no further explanation. 

Fig. 4 is the upper wreath-piece, and is procured in the 
same way. 

Figs. 5 and 6 are the convex and concave falling moulds. 

The chord lines a and b, Figs. 5 and 6, are the stretch¬ 
out of the wreath, Fig. 4, at a and b, and shows the 
length of the convex and concave falling moulds. They 
are drawn to rise half a riser above the floor, so as to ad¬ 
mit a long baluster on the landing above. To obtain the 
falling mould, draw lines on the rake and upper level, in¬ 
tersecting at c, Fig. 5; then take the stretch-out a, Fig. 
4, and apply it at Fig. 5; then square down from rake and 
level, to intersect at d, then from this point draw the 
curve and width, and you have the convex, and by the 
process shown at Fig. 6 you have the concave moulds for 
the upper ramp. 

I have endeavored to make these examples as clear as 
possible, and I think, with the sector before him and the 
plan of the stairs the workman will be able to understand 
what I have intended to convey, and when once he sees 
through the sectorial workings, he will experience no 
further difficulty in making any kind of a rail. 

Here is shown at Section 3 a stair that is sometimes 
necessary to meet odd conditions. It is a plan of stairs 
with two platforms, landings, and two quadrant wreaths 
with two flyers intervening. Where it is desirable to 
avoid a large cylinder, and the width is too great for the 
length of the steps, this plate shows one of the best meth¬ 
ods for overcoming the difficulty. It will be observed that 
by the use of the quadrant wreaths, the size laid down, 
which is just the rise of one step each, the rail is made 
straight from bottom to top, each wreath being the rise of 
one step only, as shown at Fig. 1. 

At Fig. 2 the wreath-piece is shown with the spring 
and plumb bevels, which gives the twist of the rail, and 
which by being reversed gives the lines for both pieces 
of the wreath. 

Fig. 3 is the elevation, showing the length of wreaths 


26 


DOUBLE PLATFORM STAIRS. 


and straight rail, with skirting facia. 

The newel is placed where it is, to show its relation to 
the rail only, the centre line being used to show the ramp 
of rail. The dotted lines show the relation of the rail to 
the elevation. 








































STAIR CARRIAGE. 


27 


Section Four exhibits a plan for a circular stairs in very 
common use, with a new method of framing - the carriage 
for same. Wherever this method of framing the carriage 



simple, and easy to construct, and in consequence, much 
more economical than any other method of framed car- 
riages, and where a construction of the kind is required, \ 
would recommend this method of building it. In showing 
this method of framing the carriage I have digressed 





























































28 


STAIR CARRIAGE. 


somewhat from my first intentions, but, under the circum¬ 
stances, I think the digression is permissible. 

Section Five shows how the horse pieces for the stairs 
are laid out and cut. The figuring for these pieces should 
be readily understood, and the whole easily made and put 
in position in a substantial manner by any intelligent car¬ 
penter. In order, however, to aid in a thorough under¬ 
standing O'f this method of framing a carriage of this kind 
of stair, I give the following explanation : Fig. i is the 
first piece to he worked and put in place; it runs up to the 
first angle at A, as shown in Section Four. Fig. 2 com¬ 
mences at A and extends to the next angle, at B. Fig. 3 
commences at B and extends to the floor landing, at C. 
No. 4 is the first cross-piece in rear of the cylinder. All 
the other figures show the filling in pieces which are re¬ 
quired to make the carriage strong and firm. These fillers 
should he fitted in between the main horse-pieces, snug and 
tight, and should be well spiked together or otherwise se¬ 
cured, as the lower and upper parts of the stairs mainly 
depend upon them for support. All the bevels for cutting 
the riser and tread lines can be obtained on the plan shown 
at Section 4. Allowance must be made for the thick¬ 
ness of the finishing risers and treads. 

A good description of preparing the rough frames for 
carrying a stair is given in a small work entitled “Stair¬ 
building Made Easy.” 

Section 6 is a continuation of Sections 4 and 5, Fig. 1, 
showing the plan at Section 4, with the tangents drawn 
as at a, b and c ; a, being the centre line, has all to do with 
the sector. 

Fig. 2 is the stretch-out of winders in the wreath, with 
two lower flyers, and one above the cylinder. The rail 
shows the easements, which must be obtained in the usual 
way, with falling moulds. It will be seen that the falling 
moulds are straight with the exception of a slight curve 
at the end. After the concave and convex slabs are re¬ 
moved from the wreath-piece, thus giving the outer and 
inner twists, the application of the falling mould, as laid 
down, plenty wood will be found for its use in giving shape 


STAIR CARRIAGE. 


29 


to the rail. Of course it is understood that kerfing is 
the mode for the top and bottom curves of the string. 

Fig. 3 is the quadrant wreath-piece for Fig. 1, the end 
section showing the direction given to spring and plumb 


/V 



bevels. The same mould will answer both quadrants by 
reversing the bevels. It will be noticed that no lines cal- 




















30 


WINDING STAIR. 


ciliated to confuse have been introduced, while everything 
the author has thought necessary to make the work clear 



and plain to the comprehension of the ordinary workman 
has been embodied in the diagrams. 





























WINDING STAIR. 


3i 


Section 7 shows a stair with winders in the quadrant, 
with a radius of two feet in the turning. Where the space 
is sufficient, a very imposing structure can be raised, giv¬ 
ing character and effect to all the surroundings, if all aiV 
in keeping, which, of course, in a building where this kind 
of stair would be required, would be the case. 



Suppose the newel to be twelve inches in diameter at 
the base, the rail six inches wide—well moulded—the bal- 



























32 


WINDING STAIR. 


listers three inches in diameter at the base, treads four 
or five feet long, the open end handsomely finished with 
heavy nosings and mouldings, and the string finished with 
suitable brackets; and a large niche built in the angle, as 
shown, furnished with a suitable piece of statuary, the 
effect would be very fine and the cost not excessive. 

Fig. i shows the plan of the cylinder with the quarter 
wreath all in one piece, which is obtained by working from 
the tangents, a and b. If it is found desirable to have the 
wreath in two pieces—which is sometimes the case—then 
the dotted lines show the angle of the tangents to be used. 
The height of two and a half, instead of five risers, will 
be the height for each piece. 

Having laid down the plan as shown, proceed to obtain 
the whole length of wreath. Take the bevel and obtain 
the tangents from the sector as applied at a, b, Fig. i, 
on the rake, and draw the lines, a, b, Fig. 2; get the length, 
and lay off width of rail to describe circle of wreath: stick 
pins at the points, c, d, e, f, and with a long blade bevel, 
each blade pressing against the pins, with a pencil in the 
angle, strike the circle, g, h, Fig. 2, to equal g, h, Fig 1. 

Fig. 3 shows the lower wreath and npup. This is pro¬ 
cured as before described. Fig. 4 shows the ramp con¬ 
necting flyers to winders. 

Section 8 exhibits the plan of the commencement of a 
better class stairway, intended for a house with a large 
and spacious hallway. 

Fig. 1 is the plan of newel, cap, curved steps, balusters, 
etc. The curved risers are, also shown, the bending of 
which any skilled workman can perform. 

Fig. 2 is the starting wreath-piece, and is obtained in 
the way shown in previous sections, so needs no further 
explanation here. Fig 3 is a side view of Fig. 1, showing 
section of cap and elevation of rail. The falling moulds 
for wreath are obtained in the same manner as shown in 
preceding examples. 

To obtain the spring and plumb bevels, resort must be 
had to the sector, following the instructions laid down in 


NEWEL RAMP. 


33 


former examples having - one leg of tangent bevel hori¬ 
zontal, and the other in the rake of a flyer; then apply the 
small bevel in the usual way on both leaves of the sector. 















































34 


NEWEL RAMP, 


As it will be seen that by one leg being placed horizontal 
and the other on the rake of the flyer, the spring and 
plumb bevels are not of the same angle. 



Section ZN"ine 


























SPIRAL STAIR. 


35 


Section 9 shows a full circular stair, and the well-hole 
inclosed with tangents, either for quadrant or octagon 
angles, by which wreaths in either four or eight can be 
obtained. Where all the divisions are made equal, the 
same moulds, both face and falling, will answer for any 
section of rail. The moulds are applied, and all the twists 
and ramps obtained, as laid down in preceding examples. 
The framing is as easily put up as the framing shown in 
Section 4, which is the most economical, with the excep¬ 
tion, perhaps, of those stairs which are cased in; then the 
frame work may be nailed together to suit the conditions; 
if left open, however, the method shown at Section 4 is 
as good as any, and as substantial. In the sketch shown, 
Fig. 1, is the ground plan, and where possible it should 
be laid out to full size on the floor where the stair is re¬ 
quired to be built. 

Fig. 2 shows the stretch-out of the wreath-piece for 
one-fourth of the circle, and is best when it is desirable 
to avoid many joints, though it is not always wise to have 
the wreaths so long, as there is apt to be too much cross- 
grained wood in the rail if they are made to encompass 
a quarter of a circle. This wreath is, of course, obtained 
in the same manner as other quadrant wreaths, with their 
tangents, chord lines and segments. 

Fig. 4 is the lower wreath face mould, with the tangents 
as obtained from a, b, c, Fig. 1, and drawn as shown in 
the diagram. The lower end of Fig. 2 gives an idea of 
the falling easement, and in the shape of the centre falling 
mould the convex and concave falling moulds being ob¬ 
tained as in former examples. 

At Section 10 an elliptical stair is shown, though this 
kind of stair is very seldom used in these latter days. In 
this case the well-hole is two-thirds the width of its length 
and all the lines are drawn within itself, and no line but 
the true segment of a circle used. It will be observed 
that the length is divided into four equal parts, and again 
into three, two of which are given to the width; then the 
points k, l, m, n, are used from which to describe the seg¬ 
ments for the different sections of the wreath. The joints 


36 


ELLIPTICAL STAIR. 


are made as laid down, square with tangents and face of 
plank. Be sure the plank has a true face to work from 
to insure a good job. Notice that a, b, c, d, are the angles 



of the tangents, from which, by the aid of the sector, the 
bevels are obtained on the rake for describing wreath- 
pieces. The tangents with their angles b and c being 
respectively of the same length as d, e, the same mould 
will answer for both by reversing. The full size required 


















elliptical stair. 


37 


for a stair of this pattern for a building* of moderate size 
would be seven by thirteen feet, and could be very neatly 
placed in a recess made for the purpose. The reference 
letters, g, h, i, j, show the angles of the area of the well- 
hole. The dotted lines show the continuation of level rail 
on floor above. 

This example has twenty-two risers, which, at seven 
inches each, would make a total rise of twelve feet ten 
inches from top of lower floor to top of upper floor, and 
a very ample pitch for the ceiling of the hall. 

All the work necessary to complete this example and all 
the preceding ones, the author flatters himself, has been 
given to make this little work on Handrailing an accept¬ 
able offering to those for whom it is intended. 





APPENDIX. 


SOMETHING ON DESIGNING, PLANNING AND CON¬ 
STRUCTING THE CARCASES AND DETAILS 

OF STAIRWAYS. 

In the designing and construction of stairways there 
is a number of important matters to be considered. The 
width, length and position of the well-hole and its sur¬ 
rounding timbers should be determined, then the run and 
the rise must be considered, in order to avoid having the 
lower steps running across, or approaching too closely, 
doorways or passages; and the front trimmer should be 
placed far enough from the top tread to insure, at least, 
seven feet of head room between the tread directly under 
the trimmer and the plastered ceiling. If there are land¬ 
ings in the stairway, and turns at any angle, full provision 
must be marie in the well-hole to suit such landings and 
turns, and the trimmers around the well-holes should be 
made strong and should be well secured at the angles. 
If a carriage is employed to carry the stairs, it should be 
well framed into the wall where such is possible and 
should be well secured at each and every angle with nails, 
screws, bolts or straps. If only ordinary strings are em¬ 
ployed, and the stairway is not boxed or closed in, the 
strings should be heavy and strong or be reinforced with 
a number of rough strings or bearers sufficient to make 
the whole stairs solid and firm under foot. 

In planning a stairway care should be taken that it is 
SO' arranged that every room in the house is accessible 
from it. and, when possible in a building, there should 
be two flights, and they should not, as is the custom, be 
built so close together that the destruction of one by fire 
will render the other flight useless. We should follow 



40 


GENERAL REMARKS. 


the example set ns by that most cunning of animals, the 
fox, and provide a place to get out, as well as a place to 
get into the house, and this second stair should be entirely 
separate from the one by which the building is mainly en¬ 
tered. There is no questioning the right of way out of 
a burning building; every one tries to save himself; “self- 
preservation is the first law of nature," and the fewer im¬ 
pediments, the quicker out of danger. 

The leading idea in every stairway should be easy as¬ 
cent and the straight line broken by a proper number of 
steps or landings in the most direct movement of the 
body. Winding stairs of any kind, as a rule, are an abom¬ 
ination, and if the statistics of the loss of life and injury 
caused by them could be arrived at, it would be seen 
that many more accidents happened thereby, after build¬ 
ings were tenanted, than ever occurred during the dangers 
and hazard of construction. Aesthetically a winding, or 
elliptical, staircase, describing its curves of grace, is pleas¬ 
ing to the eye. But is it beauty when we consider the 
difficulties and cost of the construction ? The steps of 
winding stairs are not parallel—one end too wide, the 
other too narrow, leaving but a space in the centre or rim 
of the steps as the only suitable place for ascending or 
descending. With such uncertain footing, they are mani¬ 
festly objectionable, and were it not for a railing to guide, 
would not with perfect confidence be tolerated. The only 
real advantage derived from the use of winders in stairs 
is economy of space. The landing stair, on the contrary, 
with its short flights and easy steps in mounting, square 
and spacious, and in perfect repose, conveys in its “make¬ 
up" precisely what it is—a simple, substantial, appropriate 
piece of work, commending itself to practical common- 
sense. Wherever space and other conditions will admit, 
a platform stair should be employed; but, of course, there 
will always arise instances where circular, or dog-legged, 
stairs must be built, and to provide rails for the former 
the system presented in the text of the main body of the 
work is well adapted. 

In determining the height of riser and width of tread, 


PROPORTIONING TREADS. 


4i 


the designer will be obliged to consider the length of run 
and height of total rise at his disposal. The diagram 
or inclinator shown at Fig. i will aid very much in find¬ 
ing the proper pitch of any stairway if its principles are 
followed. A shows the run of the stair, B the rise, and 
C the inclination. As the angle of ascent will vary with 

12 



•circumstances, the following treads will determine about 
the right inclination for different classes of buildings: 

For public edifices, make tread about 14 inches. 

For first-class dwellings, make tread 12^ inches. 

For second-class dwellings make tread 11 inches. 

For third-class dwellings, make tread 9 inches. 

Treads should never be less than nine inches wide in 
any stairway built for general use. Back and attic stairs 
may have treads less than nine inches wide, but the greater 
width should be employed where possible. 

At Fig. 2, an example is shown of the manner in which 
the inclination may be used in determining the proper 
proportion for treads and risers. Take the total height 
measured from top of floor to top of next floor 
above, which is here shown to he 11 feet 3 inches. Hav¬ 
ing decided that inches will be the height of riser, 
we look on the inclinator for and find that it gives a 
















42 


PROPORTIONING TREADS. 



9-inch tread. Then take y\ inches and divide n feet 
3 inches by it, and we find that it gives us 18 risers and 
17 treads. ( There is always one more riser than tread.) 
Multiply the number of treads (17) by 9 inches, the width 


of tread, which gives us 12 feet 9 inches, to which add 
half the diameter of cylinder, and we get the total length 
of tlie “run” of the stairs, or the horizontal line on the 
floor covered by the stairs as shown in the sketch. In 


-to-- 
to 


to 
to (o' 

Ito 


H_ead_Popm. 


































































SECTION AND PLAN 43 


































































































44 


OF STAIR. 


this case a cylinder is employed having a diameter of 12 
inches, half of which is 6 inches, which gives a total 
length of run of 13 feet 3 inches, from where the stairs 
start to line of landing. The head-room determines the 
length of well-hole, and is found by measuring from the 
tread to the plaster a distance not less than 7 feet, as 
otherwise it will obstruct an easy walking down stairs. 
The well-hole is shown to have double joists for trimmers, 



which line three sides of the opening, the fourth side 
being part of a wall. The open or cut string is shown, 
which should be made of good, clean, straight-grained 
plank, reinforced on the inside with a heavy scantling on 
a line with the junction of the riser and tread. The 










































PLATFORM STAIR. 


45 


“pitch-board” is shown at the shaded portion of the in- 
clinator, Fig. i, which shows how any pitch-board for 
stairs having rise of half an inch to 12 inches, and a tread 
from 1 inch to 24 inches wide. Fig. 3 illustrates a plat¬ 
form stair having the same rise and run of the previous 
example. A plan and sectional view is given, showing 
the platform and the method of finding the head-room, 
well-hole, and starting point for second-story flight. The 
dotted lines show the trimmers forming the well-hole and 
the manner of framing them. The cylinder is shown at 
the platform, and here it is well to note that a portion 
of the cylinder shows on the face of the string starting 
from the platform or landing. 

Another method of obtaining a fair proportion for 
treads and risers, and which seems to be quite popular, 
is shown as follows: Set down two sets of numbers, each 
in arithmetical progression, the first set showing the width 
of treads, ascending by inches, the other showing the 
height of the risers, descending by half-inches. It will 
readily be seen that each of these treads and risers are 
such as may suitably pair together: 

Treads in inches. Risers in inches. 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

33 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

It is seldom, however, that the proportion of the tread 
and riser is exactly a matter of choice. The room allotted 


9 

8 

7i 

7 

64 

6 “ 

5i 

5 

4i 

4 

3i 

3 

2 i 


46 


MITRED STRING. 


to the stairs, as before mentioned, usually determines this 
proportion; but the foregoing rules will be found a useful 
standard, to which it is desirable to approximate. 

In the better class of buildings, the architect usually 
figures out the number of treads, and when such is the 
case, the workman has no alternative but to divide his 
story rod to suit the number of treads laid down in the 
plan. 

At Fig. 4 a sketch of a portion of a string is shown, 
having a cut and mitred string, or what is generally known 
as an open string stair. In the lower portion, which 
shows the plan, W S represents the wall string, which 
must be well secured to the wall or partition; R S shows 
the rough string, which is placed there to give strength 
to the whole structure. It is so made that every tread 
gets a good bearing upon it. It is generally made of 
heavier stuff than the outer strings. O S shows the outer 
or cut string, W, as shown in the upper part ofthe illus¬ 
tration. At a a the outer ends of the risers are shown, 
and it will be noticed they are mitred against the vertical 
or riser line of the string, thus preventing the end-wood 
of the riser from being seen. The other end of the riser 
is shown in the housing of the wall string. The outer 
end of the tread is also mitred at the nosing, and a piece 
of stuff made or worked like the nosing, which is mitred 
against, or returned, at the end of the tread. The end of 
this returned piece is again returned on itself back to the 
string, as shown at n on the string W. The moulding 
under the nosing, which is usually a f cove, is also re¬ 
turned round the string and into itself. The finished 
treads shown at W are shown in plan at B B B, etc., 
where the projection of the nosings and the mitre joints 
are seen. The square black spots shown are the mortises 
or dove-tails for receiving the lower tenons of the balus¬ 
ters. Tt is always best to saw the ends of the treads 
ready for the balusters before they are attached to the 
string; then when the time arrives to put up the rail the 
back end of the mortise may be cut out, when the tread 


OPEN STRING. 


47 


will be ready to receive the baluster. The mortise is 
dovetailed, the spread being on the lower side of the 
tread, and, of course, the tenon in the baluster must be 
made to suit. The tread should be finished at the bench 
and the return nosing properly fitted to it and lightly 
tacked on so that it may be readily taken ofif to insert 



the balusters, when the rail is being put in position. If 
the cut string is to be bracketed as shown at Fig. 5> then 
the tread and riser must be left long enough to cover 
the bracket, which is usually about three eighths of an inch 
thick. A section of the string, bracket and nosing is 



































































48 


STAIR BRACKETS. 


shown in Fig. 5, where A represents a rough cut string, 
t a finished casing string, c the nosing, d the cove mould¬ 
ing, and e e the bracket; 0 0 shows the bead, both in sec¬ 
tion and on the rake. 

When brackets are employed, the angle showing at the 
cut-string end of the riser is mitred to the riser so that 
no end-wood is seen at the junction of bracket and riser. 

Fig. 6 shows three other examples of stair brackets 
from which inspiration may be drawn for other designs. 



Fig. 7 shows how a cut-string is sometimes attached 
to the newel at its lower end. The point of the string 
should be tenoned into the newel, K, three or four inches, 
































NEWEL ATTACHMENT. 


49 


as shown by the dotted lines, and the square of the newel 
should run down through the floor and be well secured 
to a joist when possible. 



Floor 


Plaster 


Fig. 8 


Fig. 8 shows the manner in which the wall string, S, 
is finished at the top of the stairs. It will be noticed that 
the moulding is worked round the ease-off at A to suit 
the width of the base-board at B. The string is cut over 
the floor horizontally and vertically or plumb against the 
joists. The plaster line under the stairs and in the ceiling 
is also shown. 

Fig. 9 exhibits a method for connecting a small cylin¬ 
der to the strings, in order to make a good and strong 
joint. It will be seen that the cylinder is notched out 
on the back, and the two blocks shown at the back of the 





























50 


FASTENING CYLINDER. 


offsets are wedges driven in to secure the cylinder in 
place, and to drive it up tight to the string's. This is 
better shown at Fig. io, where the dotted lines show the 



position of the wedge. This method of fixing the cylin¬ 
der is so clearly shown in the illustrations that further 
description is unnecessary. 















































INDEX. 


Esthetics of Stairs . 40 

Base and String. 49 

Bevels and Pitch-Boards. 15 

Bracketed Stairs. 47 

Circular Stair . 34 

Convex and Concave Twists. 18 

Concave Moulds for Ramps. 25 

Cut String . 30 

Determining Height of Stairs. 40 

Double Landing. 26 

Falling Moulds of Tin. 13 

Elliptical Stair. 36 

Framing Carriages . 28 

Geometry . 14 

Kerfing. 18 

Laying Out the Rail. 32 

Lines for Wreath. 19 

Lower Wreaths.. . .. 21 

Making Stretch-outs. 19 

Method of Applying Bevel. 8 

Method of “Horsing”. 29 

Mitred Strings ... .,. 44 

Moulds for Convex and Concave Work. 13 

Newel and Ramp. . 33 

Obtaining Joints for Wreath. 8 

Outside Falling Mould . 22 

Platform Stair with Cylinder. 11 

Planning Rail for Wreath. 17 

Proportion of Steps and Risers. 41 

Plan of Cylinders. 50 

Platform Stair with Windows.... 23 

Plan and Elevation of Stairs. 20 

Quarter-Space Stairs . 24 

Quadrant Wreath-Pieces. 29 

Risers and Treads . 37 

Section of Stairs. 42 

Section of Platform Stairs. 43 

Securing Newel Post. 48 

Securing Cylinders . 50 

Semi-Circular Stairs. 16 

Sector in Use . 22 

Scales and Diagrams. 10 













































52 


INDEX. 


Spring and Plumb Lines. 12 

Spreading Newels . 31 

Stretch-out of Wall-string. 21 

Stair Carriages . 27 

String and Rail. 34 

Stretch-out and Tangents. 9 

Tangent Bevel . 11 

Tangents and Angles. 36 

Treads and Risers. 45 

The Sector and other Tools. 7 

Upper and Lower Wreath Pieces. 25 

Various Cylinders . 14 

Wreath for Circular Stair. 35 




































































9 










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